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                    第1章 你好，并发世界
            
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                    第2章 线程管理
            
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                    2.1 线程的基本操作
            
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                    2.2 传递参数
            
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                    2.3 转移所有权
            
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                    2.4 确定线程数量
            
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                    2.5 线程标识
            
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                    2.6 本章总结
            
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                    第3章 共享数据
            
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                    3.1 共享数据的问题
            
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                    3.2 使用互斥量
            
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                    3.3 保护共享数据的方式
            
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                    3.4 本章总结
            
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                    第4章 同步操作
            
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                    4.1 等待事件或条件
            
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                    4.2 使用future
            
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                    4.3 限时等待
            
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                    4.4 简化代码
            
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                    4.5 本章总结
            
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                    第5章 内存模型和原子操作
            
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                    5.1 内存模型
            
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                    5.2 原子操作和原子类型
            
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                    5.3 同步操作和强制排序
            
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                    5.4 本章总结
            
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                    第6章 设计基于锁的并发数据结构
            
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                    6.1 并发设计的意义
            
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                    6.2 基于锁的并发数据结构
            
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                    6.3 设计更加复杂的数据结构
            
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                    6.4 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.14" data-path="../chapter7/7.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    第7章 设计无锁的并发数据结构
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.14.1" data-path="../chapter7/7.1-chinese.html">
            
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                    7.1 定义和意义
            
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                    7.2 无锁数据结构的例子
            
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                    7.3 设计无锁数据结构的指导建议
            
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                    7.4 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.15" data-path="../chapter8/8.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    第8章 并发设计
            
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                    8.1 线程间划分工作
            
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                    8.2 并发代码的性能
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.15.3" data-path="../chapter8/8.3-chinese.html">
            
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                    8.3 为多线程性能设计数据结构
            
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                    8.4 设计并发代码的注意事项
            
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                    8.5 在实践中设计并发代码
            
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                    8.6 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.16" data-path="../chapter9/9.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    第9章 高级线程管理
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.16.1" data-path="../chapter9/9.1-chinese.html">
            
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                    9.1 线程池
            
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                    9.2 中断线程
            
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                    9.3 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.17" data-path="../chapter10/10.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    第10章 并行算法
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.17.1" data-path="../chapter10/10.1-chinese.html">
            
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                    10.1 并行化标准库算法
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.17.2" data-path="../chapter10/10.2-chinese.html">
            
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                    10.2 执行策略
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.17.3" data-path="../chapter10/10.3-chinese.html">
            
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                    10.3 C++标准库中的并行算法
            
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                    10.4 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.18" data-path="../chapter11/11.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    第11章 测试和调试多线程应用
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.18.1" data-path="../chapter11/11.1-chinese.html">
            
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                    11.1 与并发相关的Bug
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.18.2" data-path="../chapter11/11.2-chinese.html">
            
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                    11.2 定位并发Bug的技巧
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.18.3" data-path="../chapter11/11.3-chinese.html">
            
                <a href="../chapter11/11.3-chinese.html">
            
                    
                    11.3 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19" data-path="A.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    附录A C++11特性简明参考(部分)
            
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        <li class="chapter active" data-level="1.19.1" data-path="A.1-chinese.html">
            
                <a href="A.1-chinese.html">
            
                    
                    A.1 右值引用
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.2" data-path="A.2-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.2 删除函数
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.3" data-path="A.3-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.3 默认函数
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.4" data-path="A.4-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.4 常量表达式函数
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.5" data-path="A.5-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.5 Lambda函数
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.6" data-path="A.6-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.6 变参模板
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.7" data-path="A.7-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.7 自动推导变量类型
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.8" data-path="A.8-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.8 线程本地变量
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.9" data-path="A.9-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.9 模板类参数的推导
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.19.10" data-path="A.10-chinese.html">
            
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                    A.10 本章总结
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.20" data-path="../appendix_B/B.0-chinese.html">
            
                <a href="../appendix_B/B.0-chinese.html">
            
                    
                    附录B 并发库简要对比
            
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.21" data-path="../appendix_C/C.0-chinese.html">
            
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                    附录D C++线程类库参考
            
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        <a href="../.." >A.1 右值引用</a>
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                                <h1 id="a1-&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;">A.1 &#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;</h1>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4ECE;&#x4E8B;&#x8FC7;C++&#x7F16;&#x7A0B;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x5BF9;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x719F;&#x6089;&#xFF0C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x4E3A;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x540D;&#x5B57;&#x3002;&#x5BF9;&#x65B0;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6240;&#x505A;&#x7684;&#x8BBF;&#x95EE;&#x548C;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#xFF0C;&#x90FD;&#x4F1A;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x5B83;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> var=<span class="hljs-number">42</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&amp; ref=var;  <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;var&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;</span>
ref=<span class="hljs-number">99</span>;
assert(var==<span class="hljs-number">99</span>);  <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x539F;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x503C;&#x88AB;&#x6539;&#x53D8;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x88AB;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x4E86;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x76EE;&#x524D;&#x4E3A;&#x6B62;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x7528;&#x8FC7;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;(C++11&#x4E4B;&#x524D;)&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x5BF9;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x3002;lvalue&#x6307;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x5DE6;&#x8FB9;&#x7684;&#x4E8B;&#x7269;&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x5728;&#x6808;&#x4E0A;&#x6216;&#x5806;&#x4E0A;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7684;&#x547D;&#x540D;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x6709;&#x660E;&#x786E;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#x5730;&#x5740;&#x3002;rvalue&#x6307;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x51FA;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x8868;&#x8FBE;&#x5F0F;&#x53F3;&#x4FA7;&#x7684;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x6587;&#x5B57;&#x5E38;&#x91CF;&#x548C;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x3002;&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x53EA;&#x80FD;&#x88AB;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5728;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x4E0A;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5199;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&amp; i=<span class="hljs-number">42</span>;  <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5931;&#x8D25;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;42&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x3002;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x8BB2;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;const&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4E0A;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span>&amp; i = <span class="hljs-number">42</span>;
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x7B97;&#x662F;&#x94BB;&#x4E86;&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x7A7A;&#x5B50;&#x5427;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x4E5F;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x5BF9;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x7684;const&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;&#x6027;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#x7ED9;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x9690;&#x5F0F;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x8FD9;&#x6837;&#x5199;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">print</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in">string</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span>&amp; s)</span></span>;
print(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>);  <span class="hljs-comment">//&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E86;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;std::string&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>C++11&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x4ECB;&#x7ECD;&#x4E86;<em>&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;</em>(rvalue reference)&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x53EA;&#x80FD;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;<code>&amp;&amp;</code>&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&amp;&amp; i=<span class="hljs-number">42</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> j=<span class="hljs-number">42</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&amp;&amp; k=j;  <span class="hljs-comment">// &#x7F16;&#x8BD1;&#x5931;&#x8D25;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x56E0;&#x6B64;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x91CD;&#x8F7D;&#x7684;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x6765;&#x786E;&#x5B9A;&#xFF1A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6709;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x6216;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x4E3A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x770B;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x80FD;&#x88AB;&#x540C;&#x540D;&#x4E14;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4E3A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x6216;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6240;&#x91CD;&#x8F7D;&#x3002;&#x5176;&#x57FA;&#x7840;&#x5C31;&#x662F;C++11&#x65B0;&#x6DFB;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;&#x2014;&#x2014;<em>&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;</em>(move semantics)&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="a11-&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;">A.1.1 &#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;</h2>
<p>&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x901A;&#x5E38;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;&#x7684;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x968F;&#x610F;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x77E5;&#x9053;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x662F;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x770B;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x4E34;&#x65F6;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x7684;&#x6B63;&#x786E;&#x6027;&#x3002;&#x6BD4;&#x8D77;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x5982;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x5176;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x3002;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x6570;&#x7EC4;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5927;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x80FD;&#x8282;&#x7701;&#x5F88;&#x591A;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x66F4;&#x591A;&#x7684;&#x4F18;&#x5316;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x3002;&#x8BD5;&#x60F3;&#xFF0C;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4EE5;<code>std::vector&lt;int&gt;</code>&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x9700;&#x8981;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x8FDB;&#x6765;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x5BF9;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x505A;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;C++03/98&#x7684;&#x529E;&#x6CD5;&#x662F;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x7684;const&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4F20;&#x5165;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x505A;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">process_copy</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span>&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&gt; <span class="hljs-keyword">const</span>&amp; vec_)</span>
</span>{
  <span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span>&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&gt; vec(vec_);
  vec.push_back(<span class="hljs-number">42</span>);
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x80FD;&#x4EE5;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x6216;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x6765;&#x5B8C;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6765;&#x91CD;&#x8F7D;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x80FD;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x5728;&#x4F20;&#x5165;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5BF9;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x503C;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4EFB;&#x610F;&#x7684;&#x4FEE;&#x6539;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">process_copy</span><span class="hljs-params">(<span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in">vector</span>&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&gt; &amp;&amp; vec)</span>
</span>{
  vec.push_back(<span class="hljs-number">42</span>);
}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x5B58;&#x5728;&#x4E8E;&#x7C7B;&#x7684;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x4F1A;&#x5728;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x53C2;&#x8003;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x4EE3;&#x7801;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;(&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4F1A;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x5F88;&#x5927;&#x4E00;&#x5757;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x6790;&#x6784;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E2D;&#x91CA;&#x653E;)&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x4EE3;&#x7801;A.1 &#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x7C7B;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> X
{
<span class="hljs-keyword">private</span>:
  <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>* data;

<span class="hljs-keyword">public</span>:
  X():
    data(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>])
  {}

  ~X()
  {
    <span class="hljs-keyword">delete</span> [] data;
  }

  X(<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> X&amp; other):  <span class="hljs-comment">// 1</span>
   data(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>])
  {
    <span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::copy(other.data,other.data+<span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>,data);
  }

  X(X&amp;&amp; other):  <span class="hljs-comment">// 2</span>
    data(other.data)
  {
    other.data=<span class="hljs-literal">nullptr</span>;
  }
};
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E00;&#x822C;&#x60C5;&#x51B5;&#x4E0B;&#xFF0C;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x2460;&#x90FD;&#x662F;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;&#xFF1A;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x4E00;&#x5757;&#x65B0;&#x5185;&#x5B58;&#xFF0C;&#x7136;&#x540E;&#x5C06;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x8FDB;&#x53BB;&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x73B0;&#x5728;&#x6709;&#x4E86;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x7684;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x6765;&#x83B7;&#x53D6;&#x8001;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x2461;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x662F;&#x5C06;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x5230;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x5C06;other&#x4EE5;&#x7A7A;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x7684;&#x5F62;&#x5F0F;&#x7559;&#x5728;&#x4E86;&#x65B0;&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x91CC;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x80FD;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x4E86;&#x7A7A;&#x95F4;&#x548C;&#x65F6;&#x95F4;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x4F59;&#x6D88;&#x8017;&#x3002;</p>
<p>X&#x7C7B;(&#x4EE3;&#x7801;A.1)&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x4EC5;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x6B21;&#x4F18;&#x5316;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x6709;&#x4E9B;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x7684;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x53EA;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x4E0D;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x4F8B;&#x5982;&#xFF0C;&#x667A;&#x80FD;&#x6307;&#x9488;<code>std::unique_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>&#x7684;&#x975E;&#x7A7A;&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53EA;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x5176;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x5C31;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x7528;&#x4E86;(&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x4F1A;&#x6709;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;<code>std::unique_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>&#x6307;&#x5411;&#x8BE5;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x6EE1;&#x8DB3;<code>std::unique_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>&#x5B9A;&#x4E49;)&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x5BF9;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6743;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;<code>std::unique_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>&#x50CF;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5E26;&#x6709;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x4E00;&#x6837;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x2014;&#x2014;&#x6307;&#x9488;&#x7684;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x662F;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x4F60;&#x5DF2;&#x7ECF;&#x77E5;&#x9053;&#xFF0C;&#x67D0;&#x4E2A;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x5728;&#x4E4B;&#x540E;&#x5C31;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5728;&#x7528;&#x5230;&#x4E86;&#xFF0C;&#x8FD9;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x9009;&#x62E9;&#x663E;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#xFF0C;&#x4F60;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>static_cast&lt;X&amp;&amp;&gt;</code>&#x5C06;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x8F6C;&#x6362;&#x4E3A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x6216;&#x8005;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x8C03;&#x7528;<code>std::move()</code>&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6765;&#x505A;&#x8FD9;&#x4EF6;&#x4E8B;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++">X x1;
X x2=<span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::move(x1);
X x3=<span class="hljs-keyword">static_cast</span>&lt;X&amp;&amp;&gt;(x2);
</code></pre>
<p>&#x60F3;&#x8981;&#x5C06;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x503C;&#x4E0D;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#xFF0C;&#x8F6C;&#x5316;&#x4E3A;&#x672C;&#x5730;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x6216;&#x6210;&#x5458;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x529E;&#x6CD5;&#x3002;&#x867D;&#x7136;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x4E86;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x5728;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x5F53;&#x505A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x6765;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x5904;&#x7406;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++">void do_stuff(X&amp;&amp; x_)
{
  X a(x_);  // &#x62F7;&#x8D1D;
  X b(std::move(x_));  // &#x79FB;&#x52A8;
}
do_stuff(X());  // ok&#xFF0C;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4E0A;
X x;
do_stuff(x);  // &#x9519;&#x8BEF;&#xFF0C;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x7ED1;&#x5B9A;&#x5230;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4E0A;
</code></pre>
<p>&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;&#x5728;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#x5E93;&#x4E2D;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5E7F;&#x6CDB;&#xFF0C;&#x65E0;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x5BF9;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x4F18;&#x5316;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#xFF0C;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x5BF9;&#x5C06;&#x8981;&#x88AB;&#x9500;&#x6BC1;&#x7684;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x989D;&#x5916;&#x7684;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x3002;&#x5728;2.2&#x8282;&#x4E2D;&#x770B;&#x5230;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#x4E2D;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;<code>std::move()</code>&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;<code>std::unique_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>&#x5F97;&#x5230;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x65B0;&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x3002;&#x5728;2.3&#x8282;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E86;&#x89E3;&#x4E86;<code>std:thread</code>&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8BED;&#x4E49;&#x6765;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x7EBF;&#x7A0B;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x6743;&#x3002;</p>
<p><code>std::thread</code>&#x3001;<code>std::unique_lock&lt;&gt;</code>&#x3001;<code>std::future&lt;&gt;</code>&#x3001; <code>std::promise&lt;&gt;</code>&#x548C;<code>std::packaged_task&lt;&gt;</code>&#x90FD;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x7C7B;&#x90FD;&#x6709;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x80FD;&#x8BA9;&#x76F8;&#x5173;&#x8D44;&#x6E90;&#x5728;&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x4F20;&#x9012;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x7528;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x8FD4;&#x56DE;&#x3002;<code>std::string</code>&#x548C;<code>std::vector&lt;&gt;</code>&#x4E5F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x5B83;&#x4EEC;&#x4E5F;&#x6709;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x548C;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x7B26;&#xFF0C;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x4E3A;&#x4E86;&#x907F;&#x514D;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x5927;&#x91CF;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x3002;</p>
<p>C++&#x6807;&#x51C6;&#x5E93;&#x4E0D;&#x4F1A;&#x5C06;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x663E;&#x5F0F;&#x7684;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x5230;&#x53E6;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x9664;&#x975E;&#x662F;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x9500;&#x6BC1;&#x6216;&#x8D4B;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;(&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x548C;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x7684;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x5F88;&#x76F8;&#x4F3C;)&#x3002;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x5B9E;&#x8DF5;&#x4E2D;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x80FD;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;&#x7C7B;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x6240;&#x6709;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x4E0D;&#x53D8;&#xFF0C;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x826F;&#x597D;&#x3002;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;<code>std::thread</code>&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x6E90;&#xFF0C;&#x8F6C;&#x79FB;&#x5230;&#x65B0;(&#x4EE5;&#x9ED8;&#x8BA4;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;)<code>std::thread</code>&#x5B9E;&#x4F8B;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;<code>std::string</code>&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x4E14;&#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x7684;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#x4E0D;&#x80FD;&#x4FDD;&#x8BC1;&#x7684;&#x662F;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4E2D;&#x8BE5;&#x72B6;&#x6001;&#x662F;&#x5426;&#x6B63;&#x786E;(&#x6839;&#x636E;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x4E32;&#x957F;&#x5EA6;&#x6216;&#x5B57;&#x7B26;&#x6570;&#x91CF;&#x51B3;&#x5B9A;)&#x3002;</p>
<h2 id="a12-&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x548C;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;">A.1.2 &#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x548C;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;</h2>
<p>&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#x7684;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x65F6;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0E;&#x4E4B;&#x524D;&#x7684;&#x7528;&#x6CD5;&#x6709;&#x4E9B;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#xFF1A;&#x5982;&#x679C;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x4EE5;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x4F5C;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#xFF0C;&#x5F53;&#x5BF9;&#x5E94;&#x4F4D;&#x7F6E;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#x4F1A;&#x81EA;&#x52A8;&#x5C06;&#x5176;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x8BA4;&#x5B9A;&#x4E3A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x5F53;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;&#x4F1A;&#x5F53;&#x505A;&#x666E;&#x901A;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x6709;&#x4E9B;&#x53E3;&#x8BED;&#x5316;&#xFF0C;&#x6765;&#x770B;&#x51E0;&#x4E2A;&#x4F8B;&#x5B50;&#x5427;&#x3002;</p>
<p>&#x8003;&#x8651;&#x4E00;&#x4E0B;&#x4E0B;&#x9762;&#x7684;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">template</span>&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">typename</span> T&gt;
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">void</span> <span class="hljs-title">foo</span><span class="hljs-params">(T&amp;&amp; t)</span>
</span>{}
</code></pre>
<p>&#x968F;&#x540E;&#x4F20;&#x5165;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;T&#x7684;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x5C06;&#x88AB;&#x63A8;&#x5BFC;&#x4E3A;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++">foo(<span class="hljs-number">42</span>);  <span class="hljs-comment">// foo&lt;int&gt;(42)</span>
foo(<span class="hljs-number">3.14159</span>);  <span class="hljs-comment">// foo&lt;double&gt;&lt;3.14159&gt;</span>
foo(<span class="hljs-built_in">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in">string</span>());  <span class="hljs-comment">// foo&lt;std::string&gt;(std::string())</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x4E0D;&#x8FC7;&#xFF0C;&#x5411;foo&#x4F20;&#x5165;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#xFF0C;T&#x4F1A;&#x88AB;&#x63A8;&#x5BFC;&#x4E3A;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#xFF1A;</p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++"><span class="hljs-keyword">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">42</span>;
foo(i);  <span class="hljs-comment">// foo&lt;int&amp;&gt;(i)</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x56E0;&#x4E3A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x58F0;&#x660E;&#x4E3A;<code>T&amp;&amp;</code>&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x5C31;&#x662F;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x89C6;&#x4E3A;&#x662F;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x7684;&#x5F15;&#x7528;&#x7C7B;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x90A3;&#x4E48;foo<int&>()&#x5C31;&#x76F8;&#x5F53;&#x4E8E;&#xFF1A;</int&></p>
<pre><code class="lang-c++">foo&lt;<span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>&amp;&gt;(); <span class="hljs-comment">// void foo&lt;int&amp;&gt;(int&amp; t);</span>
</code></pre>
<p>&#x8FD9;&#x5C31;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x4E00;&#x4E2A;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6A21;&#x677F;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x5373;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x5DE6;&#x503C;&#xFF0C;&#x53C8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x63A5;&#x53D7;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x79CD;&#x65B9;&#x5F0F;&#x5DF2;&#x5728;<code>std::thread</code>&#x7684;&#x6784;&#x9020;&#x51FD;&#x6570;&#x6240;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;(2.1&#x8282;&#x548C;2.2&#x8282;)&#xFF0C;&#x6240;&#x4EE5;&#x80FD;&#x591F;&#x5C06;&#x53EF;&#x8C03;&#x7528;&#x5BF9;&#x8C61;&#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x5230;&#x5185;&#x90E8;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#xFF0C;&#x800C;&#x975E;&#x5F53;&#x53C2;&#x6570;&#x662F;&#x53F3;&#x503C;&#x7684;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x518D;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x62F7;&#x8D1D;&#x3002;</p>

                                
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